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Contesting Parallel Worlds: Time to Abandon the Distinction Between the ‘International’ and ‘Domestic’ Contexts of Third Sector Scholarship?

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Abstract

Since third sector research emerged as a fully fledged inter-disciplinary academic field during the late 1980s, a separation has usually been maintained—in common with many other social science disciplines—between communities of researchers who are primarily concerned with the study of the third sector in rich Western countries and those who work on the third sector in the so-called ‘developing world’. While internationally focused researchers tend to use the language of ‘non-governmental organizations’, those in domestic settings usually prefer the terms ‘non-profit organization’ or ‘voluntary organization’, even though both sub-sectors share common principles and are equally internally diverse in terms of organizations and activities. While there has long been common-sense logic to distinguishing between wealthier and poorer regions of the world based on differences in the scale of human need, the ‘developed’ versus ‘developing’ category can also be criticized as being rather simplistic and unhelpfully ideological. As the categories of ‘developing’ and ‘developed’ countries become less clear-cut, and global inter-connectedness between third sectors and their ideas grows, this paper argues that we need to reconsider the value of maintaining these parallel worlds of research, and instead develop a more unified approach.

Résumé

Depuis l’émergence de la recherche sur le troisième secteur en tant que domaine académique interdisciplinaire à part entière à la fin des années 1980, une distinction s’est généralement maintenue (comme pour nombre d’autres disciplines de sciences sociales) entre les communautés de chercheurs principalement intéressés par l’étude du troisième secteur dans les pays occidentaux riches, et de ceux qui travaillent sur le troisième secteur dans les pays dits « en voie de développement ». Alors que les chercheurs portés sur l’international tendent à utiliser le terme « organisation non gouvernementale » (ONG), ceux qui œuvrent dans le champ national préfèrent généralement les termes « organisation à but non lucratif » ou « organisme bénévole », même si ces deux sous-secteurs partagent des principes communs et présentent une diversité interne équivalente en termes d’organisations et d’activités. Bien que, selon le sens commun, la distinction entre régions riches et régions pauvres du monde soit de longue date basée sur les différences dans l’échelle des besoins humains, la séparation en catégories « pays développé » et « pays en voie de développement » peut aussi être qualifiée de simpliste et d’inutilement idéologique. Alors que la frontière entre les catégories « pays développé » et « pays en voie de développement » devient moins nette et que l’interconnexion globale entre les organismes du troisième secteur et leurs idées s’accroît, le présent article soutient qu’il nous faut remettre en question la pertinence de ces univers de recherche parallèles pour envisager le développement d’une approche plus unifiée.

Zusammenfassung

Seit sich die Forschungen zum Dritten Sektor in den späten achtziger Jahren zu einem eigenständigen interdisziplinären akademischen Bereich entwickelt haben, gibt es in der Regel - genau wie in zahlreichen anderen sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen - eine Trennung zwischen Forschern, die sich in ihren Studien hauptsächlich auf den Dritten Sektor in wohlhabenden westlichen Ländern beziehen, und Forschern, die sich mit dem Dritten Sektor in den sogenannten „Entwicklungsländern“ beschäftigen. Während Forscher auf der internationalen Ebene meist von „nicht-staatlichen Organisationen“ sprechen, bevorzugen Forscher auf lokaler Ebene in der Regel die Begriffe „gemeinnützige Organisation“ oder „ehrenamtliche Organisation“, auch wenn beide Teilsektoren den gleichen Grundsätzen folgen und mit Bezug auf Organisierung und Aktivitäten intern gleichermaßen divers sind. Zwar macht die Unterscheidung zwischen wohlhabenderen und ärmeren Regionen in der Welt beruhend auf den unterschiedlichen menschlichen Bedürfnissen seit langem logisch Sinn; doch kann die Klassifizierung in Industrie- gegenüber Entwicklungsländern auch als zu simplistisch und unnützlich ideologisch kritisiert werden. Da die Kategorien „Industrieländer“ und „Entwicklungsländer“ nicht mehr so eindeutig sind und die globale Verknüpfung zwischen den Dritten Sektoren und ihren Vorstellungen immer enger wird, fordert der vorliegende Beitrag, dass wir die Wichtigkeit des Erhalts dieser parallelen Forschungswelten überdenken und stattdessen einen einheitlicheren Ansatz entwickeln.

Resumen

Desde que la investigación sobre el sector terciario surgió como un campo académico interdisciplinar por derecho propio a finales de los años 80 del siglo pasado, se ha mantenido normalmente una separación - en común con muchas otras disciplinas de la ciencia social - entre comunidades de investigadores que están preocupados fundamentalmente por el estudio del sector terciario en los ricos países occidentales y aquellos que trabajan en el sector terciario en el denominado “mundo en vías de desarrollo”. Aunque los investigadores centrados internacionalmente tienden a utilizar el lenguaje de las “organizaciones no gubernamentales” (ONG), aquellos en escenarios locales prefieren normalmente los términos “organización sin ánimo de lucro” u “organización voluntaria”, aunque ambos subsectores comparten principios comunes y son igualmente diversos a nivel interno en términos de organizaciones y actividades. Aunque desde hace tiempo ha existido la lógica del sentido común para distinguir entre regiones más ricas y más pobres del mundo basándose en diferencias en la escala de las necesidades humanas, la categoría “desarrollado” frente a “en vías de desarrollo” puede ser criticada también por considerarla bastante simplista e inútilmente ideológica. A medida que las categorías de países “en vías de desarrollo” y “desarrollados” se vuelven menos definidas, y aumenta la interconexión global entre los sectores terciarios y sus ideas, el presente documento argumenta que necesitamos reconsiderar el valor de mantener estos mundos paralelos de investigación, y desarrollar en cambio un enfoque más unificado.

Chinese

20世纪80年代末,第三部门研究的兴起,并充分发展为跨学科学术领域。和其他社会科学一样,该领域的研究者通常被分为两类,一类主要专注于较富裕西方国家的第三部门研究,一类则专注于所谓的“发展中国家”的第三部门研究。关注国际范畴的学者较倾向使用术语“非政府组织”(NGOs),而那些关注国内范畴的学者则通常偏好“非营利性组织”或“志愿组织”等术语,虽然两者的分支部门具有共同的原理,而在组织与活动方面,两者内部都是的多种多样。虽然基于人类需求规模的不同而对世界做较富裕区域和较贫穷区域的区分已经早已成为常识性的逻辑,但是“发达”VS“发展中”分类却也可能遭受批评,有过分简单化和意识形态化之嫌。鉴于“发达”VS“发展中”国家的分类界限逐渐变得模糊,全球第三部门间的相互联系以及思想的发展,本文认为我们应该反思以往在研究时将世界平行分类的做法是否依然具有其价值,我们是否应该发展一种更为统一的方法?

Arabic

منذ ظهور أبحاث القطاع الثالث كحقل أكاديمي مكتمل متعدد التخصصات في أواخر 1980 ، عادة تم الحفاظ على إنفصال - مشترك مع العديد من التخصصات في العلوم الإجتماعية الأخرى - بين مجتمعات من الباحثين الذين يشعرون بالقلق في المقام الأول من دراسة القطاع الثالث في الدول الغربية الغنية و أولئك الذين يعملون في القطاع الثالث فيما يسمى “ العالم النامي “. بينما يميل تركيز الباحثين دوليا˝ إلى إستخدام لغة “ المنظمات الغير حكومية (NGOs)”، هؤلاء الذين في بيئة محلية عادة يفضلون مصطلح” منظمة غير ربحية ˝ أو” منظمة تطوعية “ ، على الرغم من أن كل من القطاعات الفرعية تتقاسم مبادئ مشتركة و متنوعين داخليا˝ بالتساوي من حيث المنظمات والأنشطة. بينما هناك منذ فترة طويلة منطق الحس السليم للتمييز بين المناطق الأكثر ثراء و الأكثر فقرا˝ في العالم على أساس الإختلافات في حجم الحاجة الإنسانية ، المجموعة ‘المتقدمة ‘ مقابل ‘ النامية ‘ يمكن أيضا˝ أن يتم إنتقادها بتبسيط الأيديولوجية و إنهاغير مفيدة . كما أن تصنيف الدول بأنها’ نامية ‘ و ‘ متقدمة ‘ أصبح أقل وضوحا˝ ، و الترابط الداخلي بين القطاعات الثالثة العالمية و أفكارهم بدأ ينمو، يناقش هذا البحث أننا في حاجة إلى إعادة النظر في قيمة الحفاظ على بحوث العوالم المتوازية ، و بدل من ذلك وضع نهج أكثر توحدا˝ .

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Notes

  1. This paper was written for the workshop on ‘Theoretical Variations for Voluntary Sector Organizing: Topping Off Old Bottles with New Wine’ held at Queen’s University, Canada, October 19–20, 2012. I wish to thank the organizers for the opportunity to present this work in a preliminary form, and for many useful comments on the arguments from participants. Interview data to which this paper refers was collected during research that was funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Grant Reference RES-155-25-0064.

  2. The term ‘third world’ is one of the longest established of these categories. While it has mainly negative connotations today, it was initially coined with more positive associations. Its origin during the early 1950s is associated with the French demographer Alfred Sauvy, who drew a comparison with the idea of the ‘third estate’ (the people) during the French revolution. Like the third estate, Sauvy argued that the third world was exploited and ignored and now wanted political and economic power. The term provided the title of anthropologist and sociologist Peter Worsley’s (1964) book that proved influential among those who viewed the third world as an arena of progressive struggle against both Western and Soviet forms of oppression.

  3. The terminological differences were intriguing too, because they seemed arbitrary. Why was a UK third sector organisation that worked internationally known as an ‘NGO’, while one that similar in terms of organization, structure and values but worked at home was called a ‘voluntary organisation’?

  4. Both the BRIC and the MINT acronyms were coined by British economist Jim O’Neill, former chair of Goldman Sachs Asset Management.

  5. Personal communication from Professor Yuko Suda, Department of Sociology, Toyo University, Japan.

  6. One of the few successful academic collaborations between the fields of social policy and development studies researchers was undertaken by Ian Gough and Geof Wood (2004).

  7. This hostility replayed earlier comments in British press, where the Daily Mail newspaper used the headline: ‘Get back to the third world” when it learned of Oxfam’s UK poverty programme (Whyte 1996).

  8. A more detailed discussion of this data is contained in Lewis (2011).

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Lewis, D. Contesting Parallel Worlds: Time to Abandon the Distinction Between the ‘International’ and ‘Domestic’ Contexts of Third Sector Scholarship?. Voluntas 26, 2084–2103 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-014-9482-x

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