- Evanston, United States
Christopher Scotese
University of Texas at Arlington, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department Member
The maps in this atlas are the first draft of a new set of plate tectonic reconstructions that will provide the framework for the revised paleogeographic and paleoclimatic maps that I am preparing for my book, “Earth History: Evolution... more
The maps in this atlas are the first draft of a new set of plate tectonic reconstructions that will provide the framework for the revised paleogeographic and paleoclimatic maps that I am preparing for my book, “Earth History: Evolution of the Earth Systems”. As the title of this work implies, the goal of this atlas is to identify the major continents and oceans back through time. Tables 1 and 2 list the names of the continents and oceans shown in this atlas. Names shown in bold are newly coined ocean and continent names. Figure X is a “tectonic phylogeny” that shows how these continents and oceans have deeloped through time.
Continents
Continents are defined to be regions of the Earth that are underlain by continental crust (~lithosphere). Continents may be “emergent” or “flooded” depending on sea level, which has varied from ~200 meters above modern sea level to ~200 meters below modern sea level. The continental regions on these maps are shown in two colors: gray and white. The gray areas represent extant regions of continental crust. The white regions represent areas of continental crust that have been removed by subduction (tectonic erosion), underthrusting beneath continents (like Greater India), or are simply squeezed and compressed into much narrower zones (e.g. the Rocky Mountains or the Central Asian collision zone).
Continents come in a variety of sizes and shapes. We reserve the name “continent” for regions of continental crust greater than 10 Mkm2 . The present-day continents are: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. In the Early Ordovician the continents were: Baltica, Cathaysia, Gondwana, Laurentia, and Siberia. Regions with areas less than 10 Mkm2 are either “subcontinents”, like the Indian subcontinent (4.6 Mkm2), or “island continents” like Greenland or Madagascar. Subcontinents are continental regions that are contiguous with a larger continent, but are considered to be a distinct region. India is subcontinent because it is separated from Asia by the Himalaya mountains and Tibetan plateau. Island continents, on-the-other-hand, are simply very large islands. Zealandia is an example of a mostly submerged an island continent. Finally, Regions of continental crust less than 1 Mkm2 may be considered to be “microcontinents” (e.g., S. Orkney Islands, Seychelles, Rockall plateau, or Tasman Rise).
The naming conventions for continents . . .
Oceans
Ocean basins are defined to be regions of the Earth that are underlain by oceanic lithosphere. Ocean basins, together with the flooded portions of the continents, comprise the Earth’s oceans, seas, and seaways. It is interesting to note that following the definition of continent and ocean proposed here, there are regions of the Earth that can be considered to be both “continents” and “oceans”. These regions are the portions of the continents flooded by the sea. For example, the Grand Banks of eastern Canada is part of the continent of North America, but the water above the Grand Banks is part of the Atlantic Ocean. This duality is due to the fact that the landward boundary of the ocean is the shoreline, whereas the seaward boundary of the continent lies near the junction of the continental rise and continental slope. In the past, this duality has lead to a fair degree of confusion when it came to naming oceans and continents. Also, it should be noted that no attempt has been made to show past coastlines on the maps in this atlas.
The derivation of the names of the modern oceans generally falls into one of three categories: mythological names, location names, and descriptive names. For example, the Atlantic Ocean is named after the Greek god, Atlas; the Indian Ocean is named after the subcontinent of India; the Pacific Ocean was named by Francisco Pissarro, who thought that the Pacific Ocean looked “peaceful”. Some of Paleozoic and Mesozoic Oceans are named after Greek gods related to Atlas. Tethys was the XXX of Atlas. Iapetus was the XXX of XXX, a Rhea (Rheic Ocean) was the XXX of XXX. Because it is difficult to meaningfully continue these lineages, none of the new oceans are named after Greek gods. Instead we have adopted a dual naming convention. The names of the new oceans either reflect the local geography (e.g., the Mozambique Ocean once ran through most of East Africa, including Mozambique) or a related geologic/tectonic feature ( e.g., the Grenville Ocean is the ocean basin that closed during the Grenville Orogeny (~1050 Ma) in eastern North America.
Coining new names for every new ocean, however, can be confusing. To avoid confusion and promote clarity we have tried to make slight modification to existing names, especially if there is a relation of inheritance. For example, originally there was just one ocean called the “Tethys Ocean”. However, we now know that three distinct oceans: ProtoTethys, PaleoTethys, and NeoTethys once existed in the Tethyan realm. Using this format, we have coined the new terms “PaleoPanthalassa” and “ProtoPanthalassa” to described earlier versions of the Panthalassic Ocean.
The names of these bodies of water may change slightly depending on the maturity of an ocean basin. A newly formed ocean basin, one that is still relatively narrow, may be called a “sea”, like the Red Sea, or if it connects two larger bodies of water, it may be called a “seaway”. The term “sea” is also used for bodies of water surrounded or partially enclosed by continents, like the Mediterranean Sea or Weddell Sea. Oceans as they age, gradually narrow as the continents on either side of the ocean approach each other (through subduction of oceanic lithosphere). Thus, it is possible for a once mighty “ocean” to become a narrow “sea” or “seaway” prior to its demise.
Continents
Continents are defined to be regions of the Earth that are underlain by continental crust (~lithosphere). Continents may be “emergent” or “flooded” depending on sea level, which has varied from ~200 meters above modern sea level to ~200 meters below modern sea level. The continental regions on these maps are shown in two colors: gray and white. The gray areas represent extant regions of continental crust. The white regions represent areas of continental crust that have been removed by subduction (tectonic erosion), underthrusting beneath continents (like Greater India), or are simply squeezed and compressed into much narrower zones (e.g. the Rocky Mountains or the Central Asian collision zone).
Continents come in a variety of sizes and shapes. We reserve the name “continent” for regions of continental crust greater than 10 Mkm2 . The present-day continents are: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. In the Early Ordovician the continents were: Baltica, Cathaysia, Gondwana, Laurentia, and Siberia. Regions with areas less than 10 Mkm2 are either “subcontinents”, like the Indian subcontinent (4.6 Mkm2), or “island continents” like Greenland or Madagascar. Subcontinents are continental regions that are contiguous with a larger continent, but are considered to be a distinct region. India is subcontinent because it is separated from Asia by the Himalaya mountains and Tibetan plateau. Island continents, on-the-other-hand, are simply very large islands. Zealandia is an example of a mostly submerged an island continent. Finally, Regions of continental crust less than 1 Mkm2 may be considered to be “microcontinents” (e.g., S. Orkney Islands, Seychelles, Rockall plateau, or Tasman Rise).
The naming conventions for continents . . .
Oceans
Ocean basins are defined to be regions of the Earth that are underlain by oceanic lithosphere. Ocean basins, together with the flooded portions of the continents, comprise the Earth’s oceans, seas, and seaways. It is interesting to note that following the definition of continent and ocean proposed here, there are regions of the Earth that can be considered to be both “continents” and “oceans”. These regions are the portions of the continents flooded by the sea. For example, the Grand Banks of eastern Canada is part of the continent of North America, but the water above the Grand Banks is part of the Atlantic Ocean. This duality is due to the fact that the landward boundary of the ocean is the shoreline, whereas the seaward boundary of the continent lies near the junction of the continental rise and continental slope. In the past, this duality has lead to a fair degree of confusion when it came to naming oceans and continents. Also, it should be noted that no attempt has been made to show past coastlines on the maps in this atlas.
The derivation of the names of the modern oceans generally falls into one of three categories: mythological names, location names, and descriptive names. For example, the Atlantic Ocean is named after the Greek god, Atlas; the Indian Ocean is named after the subcontinent of India; the Pacific Ocean was named by Francisco Pissarro, who thought that the Pacific Ocean looked “peaceful”. Some of Paleozoic and Mesozoic Oceans are named after Greek gods related to Atlas. Tethys was the XXX of Atlas. Iapetus was the XXX of XXX, a Rhea (Rheic Ocean) was the XXX of XXX. Because it is difficult to meaningfully continue these lineages, none of the new oceans are named after Greek gods. Instead we have adopted a dual naming convention. The names of the new oceans either reflect the local geography (e.g., the Mozambique Ocean once ran through most of East Africa, including Mozambique) or a related geologic/tectonic feature ( e.g., the Grenville Ocean is the ocean basin that closed during the Grenville Orogeny (~1050 Ma) in eastern North America.
Coining new names for every new ocean, however, can be confusing. To avoid confusion and promote clarity we have tried to make slight modification to existing names, especially if there is a relation of inheritance. For example, originally there was just one ocean called the “Tethys Ocean”. However, we now know that three distinct oceans: ProtoTethys, PaleoTethys, and NeoTethys once existed in the Tethyan realm. Using this format, we have coined the new terms “PaleoPanthalassa” and “ProtoPanthalassa” to described earlier versions of the Panthalassic Ocean.
The names of these bodies of water may change slightly depending on the maturity of an ocean basin. A newly formed ocean basin, one that is still relatively narrow, may be called a “sea”, like the Red Sea, or if it connects two larger bodies of water, it may be called a “seaway”. The term “sea” is also used for bodies of water surrounded or partially enclosed by continents, like the Mediterranean Sea or Weddell Sea. Oceans as they age, gradually narrow as the continents on either side of the ocean approach each other (through subduction of oceanic lithosphere). Thus, it is possible for a once mighty “ocean” to become a narrow “sea” or “seaway” prior to its demise.
Research Interests:
This is a pdf version of an animation that illustrates the plate tectonic evolution of the Arctic region during the last 200 million years. The animation can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPZEScNqU7U.
Research Interests:
2001.06 This is an Atlas that is made up of maps from my website (www.scotese.com).
Research Interests:
2014.07 This Atlas of Neogene Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Early Miocene (Auquitanian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma) to the Present-day. The maps are from volume 1 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS... more
2014.07 This Atlas of Neogene Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Early Miocene (Auquitanian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma) to the Present-day. The maps are from volume 1 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Ogg, Ogg & Gradstein (2008).
For Maps 3, 5 and 7, there are two versions of the paleogeography. One map shows the maximum highstand sea level (maximum flooding surface). The other map shows the minimum lowstand sea level (supersequence boundary). For each paleogeography there is an estimate of sea level change, in meters, relative to present-day sea level.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Neogene Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 01 Modern World (Holocene, 0.0 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 02 Last Glacial Maximum (Pleistocene, 21,000 years ago) Anthropocene Supersequence Boundary
Map 03 Plio-Pleistocene, (Gelasian & Piacenzian, 2.588 Ma Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 04 Latest Miocene (Messinian Event, 6.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 05 Middle/Late Miocene, (Serravallian and Tortonian, 10.5 Ma) Messinian Supersequence Boundary & Tortonian Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 06 Middle Miocene (Langhian, 14.9 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 07 Early Miocene (Aquitanian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma) Serravallian Supersequence Boundary, Aquitanian Maximum Flooding Surface
This Atlas should be cited as:
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Neogene Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 1-7, Volume 1, The Cenozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited
Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., Gradstein, F.M., 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
For Maps 3, 5 and 7, there are two versions of the paleogeography. One map shows the maximum highstand sea level (maximum flooding surface). The other map shows the minimum lowstand sea level (supersequence boundary). For each paleogeography there is an estimate of sea level change, in meters, relative to present-day sea level.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Neogene Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 01 Modern World (Holocene, 0.0 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 02 Last Glacial Maximum (Pleistocene, 21,000 years ago) Anthropocene Supersequence Boundary
Map 03 Plio-Pleistocene, (Gelasian & Piacenzian, 2.588 Ma Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 04 Latest Miocene (Messinian Event, 6.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 05 Middle/Late Miocene, (Serravallian and Tortonian, 10.5 Ma) Messinian Supersequence Boundary & Tortonian Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 06 Middle Miocene (Langhian, 14.9 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 07 Early Miocene (Aquitanian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma) Serravallian Supersequence Boundary, Aquitanian Maximum Flooding Surface
This Atlas should be cited as:
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Neogene Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 1-7, Volume 1, The Cenozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited
Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., Gradstein, F.M., 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
2014.08 This Atlas of Paleogene Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Paleocene (60.6 Ma) to the Late Oligocene (25.7 Ma). The maps are from volume 1 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014).... more
2014.08 This Atlas of Paleogene Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Paleocene (60.6 Ma) to the Late Oligocene (25.7 Ma). The maps are from volume 1 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Ogg, Ogg & Gradstein (2008).
For Maps 8, 10, 12, and 15, there are two versions of the paleogeography. One map shows the maximum highstand sea level (maximum flooding surface). The other map shows the minimum lowstand sea level (supersequence boundary). For each paleogeography there is an estimate of sea level change (m) relative to present-day sea level.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Paleogene Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 08 Late Oligocene (Chattian, 25.7 Ma Ma) Aquitanian Superseqeunce Boundary & Late Oligocene Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 09 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 10 Late Eocene, (Priabonian, 35.6 Ma) Rupelian Supersequence Boundary & Priabonian Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 11 late Middle Eocene (Bartonian, 38.8 Ma) Bartonian Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 12 early Middle Eocene, (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma) Lutetian Maximum Flooding Surface & Lutetian Supersequence Boundary
Map 13 Early Eocene (Ypresian, 52.2 Ma) Ypresian Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 14 Paleocene/Eocene Boundary (PETM, Thanetian/Ypresian Boundary, 55.8 Ma) PETM Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 15 Paleocene (Danian & Thanetian, 60.6 Ma) Paleocene Maximum Flooding Surface & Danian Supersequence Boundary
This Atlas should be cited as:
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Paleogene Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 8-15, Volume 1, The Cenozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited
Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., Gradstein, F.M., 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
For Maps 8, 10, 12, and 15, there are two versions of the paleogeography. One map shows the maximum highstand sea level (maximum flooding surface). The other map shows the minimum lowstand sea level (supersequence boundary). For each paleogeography there is an estimate of sea level change (m) relative to present-day sea level.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Paleogene Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 08 Late Oligocene (Chattian, 25.7 Ma Ma) Aquitanian Superseqeunce Boundary & Late Oligocene Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 09 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 10 Late Eocene, (Priabonian, 35.6 Ma) Rupelian Supersequence Boundary & Priabonian Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 11 late Middle Eocene (Bartonian, 38.8 Ma) Bartonian Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 12 early Middle Eocene, (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma) Lutetian Maximum Flooding Surface & Lutetian Supersequence Boundary
Map 13 Early Eocene (Ypresian, 52.2 Ma) Ypresian Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 14 Paleocene/Eocene Boundary (PETM, Thanetian/Ypresian Boundary, 55.8 Ma) PETM Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 15 Paleocene (Danian & Thanetian, 60.6 Ma) Paleocene Maximum Flooding Surface & Danian Supersequence Boundary
This Atlas should be cited as:
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Paleogene Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 8-15, Volume 1, The Cenozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited
Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., Gradstein, F.M., 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
2014.09 This Atlas of Late Cretaceous Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Cenomanian (96.6 Ma) to the K/T Boundary(65.5 Ma). The maps are from volume 2 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). For several time... more
2014.09 This Atlas of Late Cretaceous Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Cenomanian (96.6 Ma) to the K/T Boundary(65.5 Ma). The maps are from volume 2 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). For several time intervals there are versions of the map that show maximum sea level (maximum flooding surface) or minimum sea level (sequence boundary) during that stage.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Late Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 16 K/T Boundary (latest Maastrichtian, 65.5 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 18 Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian, 73.8 Ma)
Map 19 Late Cretaceous (Early Campanian, 80.3 Ma)
Map 20 Late Cretaceous (Santonian & Coniacian, 86 Ma)
Map 21 Mid Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 22 Mid Cretaceous (Cenomanian, 96.6 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Late Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 2, The Cretaceous, Maps 16 ╨ 22, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Late Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 16 K/T Boundary (latest Maastrichtian, 65.5 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 18 Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian, 73.8 Ma)
Map 19 Late Cretaceous (Early Campanian, 80.3 Ma)
Map 20 Late Cretaceous (Santonian & Coniacian, 86 Ma)
Map 21 Mid Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 22 Mid Cretaceous (Cenomanian, 96.6 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Late Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 2, The Cretaceous, Maps 16 ╨ 22, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
2014.10 This Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Berriasian (143 Ma) to the late Albian (101.8 Ma). The maps are from volume 2 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014).... more
2014.10 This Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Berriasian (143 Ma) to the late Albian (101.8 Ma). The maps are from volume 2 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014).
Also numeric time values are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008). For several stages there are versions of the map that show maximum sea level (maximum flooding surface) or minimum sea level (supersequence boundary) during that time interval.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 24 Early Cretaceous (middle Albian, 106 Ma)
Map 25 Early Cretaceous (early Albian, 110 Ma) Albian Supersequence Boundary and Transgressive System Tract
Map 26 Early Cretaceous (late Aptian, 115.2 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 28 Early Cretaceous (Barremian, 127.5 Ma)
Map 29 Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian, 132 Ma)
Map 30 Early Cretaceous (Valanginian, 137 Ma) Barremian-Hauterivian Supersequence boundary and Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma) Berriasian Supersequence boundary and Maximum Flooding Surface
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 2, The Cretaceous, Maps 23-31, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Also numeric time values are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008). For several stages there are versions of the map that show maximum sea level (maximum flooding surface) or minimum sea level (supersequence boundary) during that time interval.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 24 Early Cretaceous (middle Albian, 106 Ma)
Map 25 Early Cretaceous (early Albian, 110 Ma) Albian Supersequence Boundary and Transgressive System Tract
Map 26 Early Cretaceous (late Aptian, 115.2 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 28 Early Cretaceous (Barremian, 127.5 Ma)
Map 29 Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian, 132 Ma)
Map 30 Early Cretaceous (Valanginian, 137 Ma) Barremian-Hauterivian Supersequence boundary and Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma) Berriasian Supersequence boundary and Maximum Flooding Surface
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 2, The Cretaceous, Maps 23-31, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
2014.11 This Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Hettangian (198 Ma) to the Jurassic/Cretaceoous Boundary (145.5 Ma). The maps are from volume 3 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS... more
2014.11 This Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Hettangian (198 Ma) to the Jurassic/Cretaceoous Boundary (145.5 Ma). The maps are from volume 3 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 32 Jurassic/Cretaceous Boundary (145.5 Ma) Berriasian Supersequence Boundary
Map 33 Late Jurassic (Tithonian, 148.2 Ma) Highstand Systems Track
Map 34 Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian, 153.2) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 36 Middle Jurassic (Callovian, 164.5 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 37 Middle Jurassic (Bajocian & Bathonian, 169.7 Ma) Kimmeridgian-Oxfordian Supersequence Boundary & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 38 Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, 173.2 Ma) Bathonian-Bajocian Supersequence Boundary
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma) Toarcian Supersequence Boundary and Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 40 Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian, 186.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 41 Early Jurassic (Sinemurian, 193 Ma) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 42 Early Jurassic (Hettangian, 198 Ma) Pliensbachian Supersequence Boundary
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 3, The Jurassic and Triassic, Maps 32-42, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 32 Jurassic/Cretaceous Boundary (145.5 Ma) Berriasian Supersequence Boundary
Map 33 Late Jurassic (Tithonian, 148.2 Ma) Highstand Systems Track
Map 34 Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian, 153.2) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 36 Middle Jurassic (Callovian, 164.5 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 37 Middle Jurassic (Bajocian & Bathonian, 169.7 Ma) Kimmeridgian-Oxfordian Supersequence Boundary & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 38 Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, 173.2 Ma) Bathonian-Bajocian Supersequence Boundary
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma) Toarcian Supersequence Boundary and Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 40 Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian, 186.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 41 Early Jurassic (Sinemurian, 193 Ma) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 42 Early Jurassic (Hettangian, 198 Ma) Pliensbachian Supersequence Boundary
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 3, The Jurassic and Triassic, Maps 32-42, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests: Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleomagnetism, Paleoclimatology, and 13 morePaleoceanography, Biogeography, Paleoclimate, Dinosaur Paleontology, Paleobiogeography, Climate modeling, Historical Geology, Plate Tectonics, Jurassic, Paleogeography, Mesozoic, Pangaea, and palaeogeography of Pangea
2014.12 This Atlas of Middle & Late Permian and Triassic Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Middle Permian (Roadian & Wordian, 268.2 Ma) to the end of the Triassic (Rhaetian, 201.6 Ma). The maps are from... more
2014.12 This Atlas of Middle & Late Permian and Triassic Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Middle Permian (Roadian & Wordian, 268.2 Ma) to the end of the Triassic (Rhaetian, 201.6 Ma). The maps are from volumes 3 and 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 43 Late Triassic (Rhaetian, 201.6 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 44 Late Triassic (Norian, 210 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 46 Middle Triassic (Ladinian, 232.9 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 47 Middle Triassic (Anisian, 241.5 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 48 Early Triassic (Induan & Olenekian, 248.5 Ma) Lowstand Systems Track
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma) Norian Supersequence Boundary
Map 50 Late Permian (Lopingian, 255.7 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 51 late Middle Permian (Capitanian, 263.1 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 52 Middle Permian (Roadian & Wordian, 268.2 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Middle & Late Permian and Triassic Paleogeographic Maps, maps 43 - 48 from Volume 3 of the PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS (Jurassic and Triassic) and maps 49 – 52 from Volume 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Late Paleozoic), Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 43 Late Triassic (Rhaetian, 201.6 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 44 Late Triassic (Norian, 210 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 46 Middle Triassic (Ladinian, 232.9 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 47 Middle Triassic (Anisian, 241.5 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 48 Early Triassic (Induan & Olenekian, 248.5 Ma) Lowstand Systems Track
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma) Norian Supersequence Boundary
Map 50 Late Permian (Lopingian, 255.7 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 51 late Middle Permian (Capitanian, 263.1 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 52 Middle Permian (Roadian & Wordian, 268.2 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Middle & Late Permian and Triassic Paleogeographic Maps, maps 43 - 48 from Volume 3 of the PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS (Jurassic and Triassic) and maps 49 – 52 from Volume 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Late Paleozoic), Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
This Atlas of Permo-Carboniferous Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Early Mississippian (Tournasian, 352.3 Ma) to the Early Permian (Kungurian, 273.1 Ma). The maps are from volume 4 of the PALEOMAP... more
This Atlas of Permo-Carboniferous Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Early Mississippian (Tournasian, 352.3 Ma) to the Early Permian (Kungurian, 273.1 Ma). The maps are from volume 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Permo-Carboniferous Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 53 Early Permian (Kungurian, 273.1 Ma) Highstand Systems Tract
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 55 Early Permian (Sakmarian, 289.5 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 56 Early Permian (Asselian, 296.8 Ma) Sakmarian Supersequence Boundary & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma) Asselian Supersequence Boundary & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 58 Late Pennsylvanian (Kasimovian, 305.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 59 Middle Pennsylvanian (Moscovian, 309.5) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 60 Early Pennsylvanian (Bashkirian, 314.9 Ma) Bashkirian Supersequence Boundary & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 61 Late Mississippian (Serpukhovian, 323.2 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 62 Middle Mississippian (late Visean, 332.5 Ma) Highstand Systems Tract
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 64 Early Mississippian (Tournasian, 352.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Permo-Carboniferous Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 53 – 64, Volumes 4, The Late Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Permo-Carboniferous Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 53 Early Permian (Kungurian, 273.1 Ma) Highstand Systems Tract
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 55 Early Permian (Sakmarian, 289.5 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 56 Early Permian (Asselian, 296.8 Ma) Sakmarian Supersequence Boundary & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma) Asselian Supersequence Boundary & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 58 Late Pennsylvanian (Kasimovian, 305.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 59 Middle Pennsylvanian (Moscovian, 309.5) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 60 Early Pennsylvanian (Bashkirian, 314.9 Ma) Bashkirian Supersequence Boundary & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 61 Late Mississippian (Serpukhovian, 323.2 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 62 Middle Mississippian (late Visean, 332.5 Ma) Highstand Systems Tract
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 64 Early Mississippian (Tournasian, 352.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Permo-Carboniferous Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 53 – 64, Volumes 4, The Late Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
This Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Lochkovian (413.6 Ma) to the Devono-Carboniferous Boundary (359.2 Ma). The maps are from volume 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese,... more
This Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Lochkovian (413.6 Ma) to the Devono-Carboniferous Boundary (359.2 Ma). The maps are from volume 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008). An additional map showing the disposition of the three major early Devonian faunal provinces (Malvinokaffric, Appalachian, and Rhenish-Bohemian; Cocks & Torsvik, 2002; Figure 9.) has also been included.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 65 Devono-Carboniferous Boundary (359.2 Ma) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 66 Late Devonian (early Famennian, 370.3 Ma) Tournasian Supersequence Boundary
Map 67 Late Devonian (Frasnian, 379.9 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 68 Middle Devonian (Givetian,388.2 Ma) Frasnian Supersequence Boundary
Map 69 Middle Devonian (Eifelian, 394.3 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 402.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 71 Early Devonian (Pragian, 409.1 Ma) Emsian Supersequence Boundary
Map 72 Early Devonian (Lochkovian, 413.6 Ma) Lochkovian Supersequence Boundary
Extra Map – Early Devonian Biogeography
This atlas contains an “extra” map that shows the geographic distribution of three imp0ortant early Devonian biogeographic provinces: The Appalachian Province, the Rhenish-Bpohmeian Province, and the Malvino-Kaffric Province. The Appalachian and Rhenish-Bohemian provinces were populated by warm-water brachiopod faunas the occupied the subtropics. Though they inhabited the same latitudinal zones, they were separated by the Caledonian-Acadian mountain ranges. It is interesting to note that Appalachian faunas appear both in the Applachina Basin of the eastern U.S. and also in northern South America (Colombia and the Amazon Basin). Similarly, the Rhenish-Bohemian faunas are found in Northern Africa, Arabia, Central Europe, and eastern Avalonia (northern France, Belgium, and southern England). The less diverse Malvino-Kaffirc province occupied cooler latitudes closer to the South Pole.
The geographic distribution of these distinct, early Devonian faunal provices provides an important clue regarding the relative positions of Laurentia (North America), Baltic and Gondwana. Eastern North America was adjacent to northern South America (Venezuela & Colombia) and England and Central Europe were separated by a narrow ocean from northern Africa. The South Pole was located in the vicinity of southern Brazil.
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, The Late Paleozoic, Maps 65-72, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 65 Devono-Carboniferous Boundary (359.2 Ma) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 66 Late Devonian (early Famennian, 370.3 Ma) Tournasian Supersequence Boundary
Map 67 Late Devonian (Frasnian, 379.9 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 68 Middle Devonian (Givetian,388.2 Ma) Frasnian Supersequence Boundary
Map 69 Middle Devonian (Eifelian, 394.3 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 402.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 71 Early Devonian (Pragian, 409.1 Ma) Emsian Supersequence Boundary
Map 72 Early Devonian (Lochkovian, 413.6 Ma) Lochkovian Supersequence Boundary
Extra Map – Early Devonian Biogeography
This atlas contains an “extra” map that shows the geographic distribution of three imp0ortant early Devonian biogeographic provinces: The Appalachian Province, the Rhenish-Bpohmeian Province, and the Malvino-Kaffric Province. The Appalachian and Rhenish-Bohemian provinces were populated by warm-water brachiopod faunas the occupied the subtropics. Though they inhabited the same latitudinal zones, they were separated by the Caledonian-Acadian mountain ranges. It is interesting to note that Appalachian faunas appear both in the Applachina Basin of the eastern U.S. and also in northern South America (Colombia and the Amazon Basin). Similarly, the Rhenish-Bohemian faunas are found in Northern Africa, Arabia, Central Europe, and eastern Avalonia (northern France, Belgium, and southern England). The less diverse Malvino-Kaffirc province occupied cooler latitudes closer to the South Pole.
The geographic distribution of these distinct, early Devonian faunal provices provides an important clue regarding the relative positions of Laurentia (North America), Baltic and Gondwana. Eastern North America was adjacent to northern South America (Venezuela & Colombia) and England and Central Europe were separated by a narrow ocean from northern Africa. The South Pole was located in the vicinity of southern Brazil.
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, The Late Paleozoic, Maps 65-72, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests: Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Paleoclimatology, Biogeography, and 11 morePaleoclimate, Vertebrate Paleontology, Paleobiogeography, Invertebrate Paleontology, Plate Tectonics, Paleogeography, conodont biostratigraphy, Silurian, Devonian, Devonian, Cambrian-Devonian trilobites, Paleozoic, and Paleooceanograhy
This Atlas of Silurian and Middle-Late Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Middle Ordovician (Darwillian, 464.5 Ma) to the Late Silurian (Ludlow & Prodoli, 419.5 Ma). The maps are from volume 5 of... more
This Atlas of Silurian and Middle-Late Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Middle Ordovician (Darwillian, 464.5 Ma) to the Late Silurian (Ludlow & Prodoli, 419.5 Ma). The maps are from volume 5 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Silurian and Middle-Late Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 73 Late Silurian (Ludlow & Pridoli, 419.5 Ma) Lochkovian Supersequence Boundary
Map 74 Middle Silurian (Wenlock, 425.6 Ma) Highstand System Tract
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 76 Early Silurian (early Llandovery, 439.8 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 77 Late Ordovician (Hirnantian, 444.7 Ma) Llandoverian Supersequence Boundary
Map 78 Late Ordovician (Ashgill, 448.3 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 79 Late Ordovician (Caradoc, 456 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 80 Middle Ordovician (Darwillian, 464.5 Ma) Llandeilian Supersequence Boundary
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Silurian and Middle-Late Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 73 – 80, Volumes 5, The Early Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Silurian and Middle-Late Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 73 Late Silurian (Ludlow & Pridoli, 419.5 Ma) Lochkovian Supersequence Boundary
Map 74 Middle Silurian (Wenlock, 425.6 Ma) Highstand System Tract
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 76 Early Silurian (early Llandovery, 439.8 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 77 Late Ordovician (Hirnantian, 444.7 Ma) Llandoverian Supersequence Boundary
Map 78 Late Ordovician (Ashgill, 448.3 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 79 Late Ordovician (Caradoc, 456 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 80 Middle Ordovician (Darwillian, 464.5 Ma) Llandeilian Supersequence Boundary
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Silurian and Middle-Late Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 73 – 80, Volumes 5, The Early Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests: Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleontology, Climate Change, Paleomagnetism, and 14 morePaleoclimatology, Tectonics, Paleoclimate, Invertebrate Paleontology, Plate Tectonics, Global Warming, Paleogeography, Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian-Silurian brachiopods, Earth History, Paleozoic, Late Ordovician glaciation, and Ice Ages
This Atlas of Cambrian and Early Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Early Ordovician (Arenig, 473.4 Ma). The maps are from volume 5 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas... more
This Atlas of Cambrian and Early Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Early Ordovician (Arenig, 473.4 Ma). The maps are from volume 5 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Cambrian and Early Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 81 Early Ordovician (Arenig, 472.4 Ma) Arenigian Supersequence Boundary
Map 82 Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 83 Cambro-Ordovician Boundary (488.3 Ma) Tremadocian Supersequence Boundary
Map 84 Late Cambrian (Furongian, 494 Ma) Croixian Supersequence Boundary
Map 85 early Late Cambrian (510 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 86 Middle Cambrian (520 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 87 Early Cambrian (531.5 Ma) Albertan Supersequence Boundary
Map 88 Cambrian-Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma) Caerfaian Supersequence Boundary
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Cambrian and Early Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 81-88, Volumes 5, The Early Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Cambrian and Early Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 81 Early Ordovician (Arenig, 472.4 Ma) Arenigian Supersequence Boundary
Map 82 Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 83 Cambro-Ordovician Boundary (488.3 Ma) Tremadocian Supersequence Boundary
Map 84 Late Cambrian (Furongian, 494 Ma) Croixian Supersequence Boundary
Map 85 early Late Cambrian (510 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 86 Middle Cambrian (520 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 87 Early Cambrian (531.5 Ma) Albertan Supersequence Boundary
Map 88 Cambrian-Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma) Caerfaian Supersequence Boundary
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., 2014. Atlas of Cambrian and Early Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 81-88, Volumes 5, The Early Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
2014.25 The Atlas of Plate Tectonic Reconstructions illustrates the plate tectonic development of the Earth during the last 540 million years (Table 1). 28 plate tectonic reconstructions illustrate the location of active plate boundaries... more
2014.25 The Atlas of Plate Tectonic Reconstructions illustrates the plate tectonic development of the Earth during the last 540 million years (Table 1). 28 plate tectonic reconstructions illustrate the location of active plate boundaries and the changing extent of both oceanic and continental plates (Scotese, 2014 a-f). Color-coded tectonic features include: mid ocean ridges (double red lines), continental rifts (dashed red lines), subduction zones (blue lines), continental volcanic arcs (light blue lines), collision zones (purple lines), ancient collision zones (dashed purple lines), and strike-slip faults (green lines). The Paleozoic plate tectonic reconstructions are modified from Scotese and McKerrow,1990; Scotese, 1990; Scotese,2001; and Scotese and Dammrose, 2008. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic plate tectonic reconstructions are modified from Scotese and Sager, 1988; Scotese, 1990; Scotese,2001; and Scotese and Dammrose, 2008.
Table 1. Maps for the following time intervals are included in this atlas:
Map 1 Modern World (0.0 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 11 late Middle Eocene (Bartonian, 38.3 Ma)
Map 15 Paleocene (Danian & Thanetian, 60.6 Ma)
Map 19 Late Cretaceous (early Campanian, 80.3 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 43 Triassic/Jurassic Boundary (199.6 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 47 Middle Triassic (Anisian, 241.5 Ma)
Map 51 late Middle Permian (Capitanian, 263.1 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 61 Late Mississippian (Serpukhovian, 323.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 67 Late Devonian (Frasnian, 379.7 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 73 Late Silurian (Ludlow & Pridoli, 419.5 Ma)
Map 77 Early Silurian (early Llandovery, 439.8 Ma)
Map 80 Middle Ordovician (Darwillian, 464.5 Ma)
Map 82 Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma)
Map 84 Late Cambrian (Furongian, 494 Ma)
Map 86 Middle Cambrian (520 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Table 1. Maps for the following time intervals are included in this atlas:
Map 1 Modern World (0.0 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 11 late Middle Eocene (Bartonian, 38.3 Ma)
Map 15 Paleocene (Danian & Thanetian, 60.6 Ma)
Map 19 Late Cretaceous (early Campanian, 80.3 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 43 Triassic/Jurassic Boundary (199.6 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 47 Middle Triassic (Anisian, 241.5 Ma)
Map 51 late Middle Permian (Capitanian, 263.1 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 61 Late Mississippian (Serpukhovian, 323.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 67 Late Devonian (Frasnian, 379.7 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 73 Late Silurian (Ludlow & Pridoli, 419.5 Ma)
Map 77 Early Silurian (early Llandovery, 439.8 Ma)
Map 80 Middle Ordovician (Darwillian, 464.5 Ma)
Map 82 Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma)
Map 84 Late Cambrian (Furongian, 494 Ma)
Map 86 Middle Cambrian (520 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Research Interests:
2014.19 The Atlas of Phanerozoic Climatic Zones plots the location of five principal climatic zones on 28 paleogeographic maps ranging in age from early Cambrian to Miocene. The five principal climatic zones are: 1) Tropical Everwet... more
2014.19 The Atlas of Phanerozoic Climatic Zones plots the location of five principal climatic zones on 28 paleogeographic maps ranging in age from early Cambrian to Miocene. The five principal climatic zones are: 1) Tropical Everwet (green shading), 2) Subtropical Arid (yellow shading), 3) Warm Temperate (yellow-green shading), 4) Cool Temperate (brown shading), and 5) Cold Polar (white shading). These five climatic zones correspond to the major Koeppen climatic zones A through E.
On several maps, an additional climatic zone, the “Boreal Tropical” zone is shown. In the Boreal Tropical climatic belt (olive green shading), tropical everwet conditions are present at anomalously high temperate latitudes (45˚ - 60˚ N and S latitudes. The Boreal Tropical Zone does not occur in today’s world. It occurs only during times when the global mean annual temperature is in excess of 18˚C (see Maps 9, 11, 13, 19, 23, 39, 43, and 45). These “Hot House” worlds are also characterized by the absence of polar ice caps.
In addition to plotting the paleoclimatic zones, the maps also show the distribution of rock types that from under specific climatic conditions. These lithologic indicators of climate, include: coals, bauxites, evaporites (salt & gypsum), calcretes, kaolinites, tillites, glendonites and dropstones (Figure 1). A complete description of each of these lithologic indicators of climate can be found in the compendium by Boucot et al., 2013. Reef localities (blue asterisks) have also been plotted on the maps (Kiessling et al., 2002).
Unlike the paleoclimatic zones in the other atlases (Scotese, 2014, a,b,c,d,e) which were based on the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) paleoclimatic simulations, the climatic zones plotted on these maps were drawn to conform with the distribution of these lithologic indicators of climate. The Tropical Everwet zone was mapped based on the distribution of coals and bauxites. The Subtropical Arid zone was mapped based on the distribution of evaporites and calcretes. The Warm Temperate Belt includes kaolinites, as well as coals. The Cool Temperate zone is based mostly on high latitude coals in association with tillites, glendonites, and dropstones. The Polar Cold zone is based entirely on the occurrence of tillites, glendonites, and dropstones. For a summary of the relationship between the lithologic indicators of climate and the climatic zones, see Figure 1.
The reef localities were not used to draw the climatic zones. The distribution of reefal facies, therefore, is an important, independent test of the inferred climatic zones. As expected, the reefs predominantly occur in tropics and subtropics (15˚ - 35˚, N&S). There are no reefs above 45˚ N&S latitude. Most of the reefs occur in the Subtropical Dry zone where it is both warm and sunny, and where there are fewer river deltas and other sources of clastics that might inhibit reef growth.
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., Boucot, A.J, and Chen Xu, 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Climatic Zones (Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Boucot, A.J., Chen Xu, and Scotese, C.R, 2013. Phanerozoic Paleoclimate: An Atlas of LithologicIndicators of Climate, SEPM Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology, (Print-on-Demand Version), No. 11, 478 pp., ISBN 978-1-56576-289-3, October 2013, Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, OK.
Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., and Golonka, J., (editors) 2002. Phanerozoic Reef Patterns, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publications, 775 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
On several maps, an additional climatic zone, the “Boreal Tropical” zone is shown. In the Boreal Tropical climatic belt (olive green shading), tropical everwet conditions are present at anomalously high temperate latitudes (45˚ - 60˚ N and S latitudes. The Boreal Tropical Zone does not occur in today’s world. It occurs only during times when the global mean annual temperature is in excess of 18˚C (see Maps 9, 11, 13, 19, 23, 39, 43, and 45). These “Hot House” worlds are also characterized by the absence of polar ice caps.
In addition to plotting the paleoclimatic zones, the maps also show the distribution of rock types that from under specific climatic conditions. These lithologic indicators of climate, include: coals, bauxites, evaporites (salt & gypsum), calcretes, kaolinites, tillites, glendonites and dropstones (Figure 1). A complete description of each of these lithologic indicators of climate can be found in the compendium by Boucot et al., 2013. Reef localities (blue asterisks) have also been plotted on the maps (Kiessling et al., 2002).
Unlike the paleoclimatic zones in the other atlases (Scotese, 2014, a,b,c,d,e) which were based on the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) paleoclimatic simulations, the climatic zones plotted on these maps were drawn to conform with the distribution of these lithologic indicators of climate. The Tropical Everwet zone was mapped based on the distribution of coals and bauxites. The Subtropical Arid zone was mapped based on the distribution of evaporites and calcretes. The Warm Temperate Belt includes kaolinites, as well as coals. The Cool Temperate zone is based mostly on high latitude coals in association with tillites, glendonites, and dropstones. The Polar Cold zone is based entirely on the occurrence of tillites, glendonites, and dropstones. For a summary of the relationship between the lithologic indicators of climate and the climatic zones, see Figure 1.
The reef localities were not used to draw the climatic zones. The distribution of reefal facies, therefore, is an important, independent test of the inferred climatic zones. As expected, the reefs predominantly occur in tropics and subtropics (15˚ - 35˚, N&S). There are no reefs above 45˚ N&S latitude. Most of the reefs occur in the Subtropical Dry zone where it is both warm and sunny, and where there are fewer river deltas and other sources of clastics that might inhibit reef growth.
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., Boucot, A.J, and Chen Xu, 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Climatic Zones (Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Boucot, A.J., Chen Xu, and Scotese, C.R, 2013. Phanerozoic Paleoclimate: An Atlas of LithologicIndicators of Climate, SEPM Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology, (Print-on-Demand Version), No. 11, 478 pp., ISBN 978-1-56576-289-3, October 2013, Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, OK.
Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., and Golonka, J., (editors) 2002. Phanerozoic Reef Patterns, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publications, 775 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
2014.21 This Atlas of Phanerozoic Rainfall shows the pattern of mean annual rainfall for 22 time periods from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma), plus one additional map for... more
2014.21 This Atlas of Phanerozoic Rainfall shows the pattern of mean annual rainfall for 22 time periods from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma), plus one additional map for the Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma). The light blue squares indicate the amount of rainfall. The areas shaded in green on the maps are regions where precipitation exceeds evaporation (P > E). The land areas in brown and tan on the map are regions where evaporation exceeds precipitation (E > P).
These plate tectonic and paleogeographic maps are the work of C. R. Scotese. The paleoclimate simulations were done by T.L. Moore using the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) Climate Simulation Program. The slight color differences between the symbolson the maps are due to the fact that the maps were made for four separate reports (Scotese et al., 2007; 2008; 2009; & 2011).
Some interesting patterns are apparent on all the maps. On the continents, Equatorial Everwet Belt generally spans latitudes, 15N – 15S. The Temperate wet belt is more variable, but generally spans the latitudes 45 – 75(N & S). In the oceans there are often noticeable gaps in precipitation apparent along the Equator and along the western sides of continents in the southern hemisphere. These gaps in precipitation are due to the chilling effect of oceanic upwelling, which reduces evaporation, and hence decreases precipitation.
The maps are from volumes 1-6 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014a,b,c,d). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Rainfall:
Map 5 Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 9 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma)
Map 12 early Middle Eocene (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 21 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma)
Map 82 Tremadoc (480 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Map 90 Late Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R. and Moore, T.L., 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Rainfall(Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2007. The GANDOLPH Project: Year One Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year One: Cenomanian/Turonian (93.5 Ma), Kimmeridgian/Tithonian (151 Ma), Sakmarian/Artinskian (284 Ma), Frasnian/Famennian (375 Ma), February, 2007. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 142 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2008. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Two Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Two: Miocene (10Ma), Aptian/Albian (120 Ma), Berriasian/Barremian (140 Ma), Late Triassic (220 Ma), and Early Silurian (430 Ma), July, 2008. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2009. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Three Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Three: Eocene (45Ma), Early/Middle Jurassic (180 Ma), Mississippian (340 Ma), Neoproterozoic (600 Ma), August 2009. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 154 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2011. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Four Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Four: Oligocene (30 Ma), Cretaceous/Tertiary (70 Ma), Permian/Triassic (250 Ma), Silurian/Devonian (400 Ma), Cambrian/Ordovician (480 Ma), April, 2011. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 219 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
These plate tectonic and paleogeographic maps are the work of C. R. Scotese. The paleoclimate simulations were done by T.L. Moore using the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) Climate Simulation Program. The slight color differences between the symbolson the maps are due to the fact that the maps were made for four separate reports (Scotese et al., 2007; 2008; 2009; & 2011).
Some interesting patterns are apparent on all the maps. On the continents, Equatorial Everwet Belt generally spans latitudes, 15N – 15S. The Temperate wet belt is more variable, but generally spans the latitudes 45 – 75(N & S). In the oceans there are often noticeable gaps in precipitation apparent along the Equator and along the western sides of continents in the southern hemisphere. These gaps in precipitation are due to the chilling effect of oceanic upwelling, which reduces evaporation, and hence decreases precipitation.
The maps are from volumes 1-6 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014a,b,c,d). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Rainfall:
Map 5 Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 9 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma)
Map 12 early Middle Eocene (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 21 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma)
Map 82 Tremadoc (480 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Map 90 Late Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R. and Moore, T.L., 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Rainfall(Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2007. The GANDOLPH Project: Year One Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year One: Cenomanian/Turonian (93.5 Ma), Kimmeridgian/Tithonian (151 Ma), Sakmarian/Artinskian (284 Ma), Frasnian/Famennian (375 Ma), February, 2007. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 142 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2008. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Two Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Two: Miocene (10Ma), Aptian/Albian (120 Ma), Berriasian/Barremian (140 Ma), Late Triassic (220 Ma), and Early Silurian (430 Ma), July, 2008. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2009. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Three Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Three: Eocene (45Ma), Early/Middle Jurassic (180 Ma), Mississippian (340 Ma), Neoproterozoic (600 Ma), August 2009. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 154 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2011. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Four Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Four: Oligocene (30 Ma), Cretaceous/Tertiary (70 Ma), Permian/Triassic (250 Ma), Silurian/Devonian (400 Ma), Cambrian/Ordovician (480 Ma), April, 2011. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 219 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
2014.20 This Atlas of Phanerozoic Temperatures shows the pattern of global temperatures for the summer months (northern hemisphere) for 22 time periods from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian &... more
2014.20 This Atlas of Phanerozoic Temperatures shows the pattern of global temperatures for the summer months (northern hemisphere) for 22 time periods from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma), plus one additional map for the Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma). Warmer temepratures are shown in shades of red; cooler temperatures are shown in shades of blue. The dashed lines represent isotherms of equal temperature and are often labeled with the temperature in degrees Centigrade.
As expected isotherms are generally parallel to lines of latitude, except in a few regions where land areas are either warmer or cooler than the surrounding marine waters. On all of the maps the blue colors near the south pole represent winter conditions in the southern hemisphere. In the next version of this Atlas maps illustrating the temperature during the northern hemisphere summer, northern hemisphere winter, and mean annual temperature (MAT) will be provided.
These plate tectonic and paleogeographic maps are the work of C. R. Scotese. The paleoclimate simulations were done by T.L. Moore using the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) Climate Simulation Program. The differences in color and symbology from map to map are due to the fact that these figures were originally published in four separate reports (Scotese et al., 2007; 2008; 2009; & 2011).
Though there are minor differences in coloration due to the version of the maps, it is remarkable how similar, overall, the maps are. This is presumably because the basic physics that controls atmospheric temperature has not changed very much in the past 600 million years. The atmosphere receives it energy from the Sun. This energy is modulated by several factors: the shape of the Earth’s orbit and the tilt (obliquity) of the Earth’s axis, the reflectivity or albedo of the surface of the Earth, the presence or absence of polar ice caps, and the amount of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
The FOAM simulation program has variables that represent these temperature-modifying factors. Though these variables were adjusted to represent prevailing conditions for each simulation, it is remarkable how little effect these adjustments made. Table 1 lists the global mean annual temperature (MAT) for 12 times intervals back to the early Ordovician. The global mean temperature during the last glacial maximum (12 C˚; 21,000 years ago), and the global mean temperature for the modern world (about 14 C˚) have also been included.
Though mean global temperature does vary from time to time, there is little difference between the MAT of the modern world and the MAT of the warmest time (Early Cretaceous, 18.4 C˚; 4.4 degrees difference), or the MAT of the modern world and the MAT of the coolest time (Early Ordovician, 10.6 C˚; 3.4 degrees difference). Most of the simulated mean annual temperaturres are within 2.5 degrees of the modern value. Why is this?
The most likely reason why simulated past temperatures are nearly identical to modern temperatures is that the FOAM climate simulation was written to reproduce the patterns of today’s climate. If the results of the FOAM model did not closely resemble the modern climate, then there would be little confidence in the climate simulation. Unfortunately, FOAM, as well as all other General Circulation Models, do too good a job! Even when past geographic configurations, changes in land surface cover, or radical changes the abundance of atmospheric greenhouse gases are taken into account, the results still look a lot like the present-day.
Table I. Global Mean Atmospheric Temperatures (MAT)
Geologic Age MAT (Mean Annual Temperature) C˚
Present-day 14.0 C˚
21,000 years ago 12.0 C˚
30 Ma Oligocene 12.8 C˚
45 Ma mid Eocene 13.9 C˚
70 Ma Late Cretaceous 16.2 C˚
90 Ma Mid Cretaceous 17.3 C˚
120 Ma Early Cretaceous 18.4 C˚
140 Ma earliest Cretaceous 13.6 C˚
160 Ma Late Jurassic 14.2 C˚
250 Ma Permo Triassic 11.5 C˚
430 Ma Early Silurian 16.7 C˚
480 Ma Early Ordovician 10.6 C˚
The maps are from volumes 1-6 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014a,b,c,d). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Temperatures:
Map 5 Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 9 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma)
Map 12 early Middle Eocene (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 21 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma)
Map 82 Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Map 90 Late Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., and Moore, T.L., 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Temperatures (Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2007. The GANDOLPH Project: Year One Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year One: Cenomanian/Turonian (93.5 Ma), Kimmeridgian/Tithonian (151 Ma), Sakmarian/Artinskian (284 Ma), Frasnian/Famennian (375 Ma), February, 2007. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 142 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2008. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Two Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Two: Miocene (10Ma), Aptian/Albian (120 Ma), Berriasian/Barremian (140 Ma), Late Triassic (220 Ma), and Early Silurian (430 Ma), July, 2008. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2009. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Three Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Three: Eocene (45Ma), Early/Middle Jurassic (180 Ma), Mississippian (340 Ma), Neoproterozoic (600 Ma), August 2009. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 154 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2011. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Four Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Four: Oligocene (30 Ma), Cretaceous/Tertiary (70 Ma), Permian/Triassic (250 Ma), Silurian/Devonian (400 Ma), Cambrian/Ordovician (480 Ma), April, 2011. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 219 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
As expected isotherms are generally parallel to lines of latitude, except in a few regions where land areas are either warmer or cooler than the surrounding marine waters. On all of the maps the blue colors near the south pole represent winter conditions in the southern hemisphere. In the next version of this Atlas maps illustrating the temperature during the northern hemisphere summer, northern hemisphere winter, and mean annual temperature (MAT) will be provided.
These plate tectonic and paleogeographic maps are the work of C. R. Scotese. The paleoclimate simulations were done by T.L. Moore using the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) Climate Simulation Program. The differences in color and symbology from map to map are due to the fact that these figures were originally published in four separate reports (Scotese et al., 2007; 2008; 2009; & 2011).
Though there are minor differences in coloration due to the version of the maps, it is remarkable how similar, overall, the maps are. This is presumably because the basic physics that controls atmospheric temperature has not changed very much in the past 600 million years. The atmosphere receives it energy from the Sun. This energy is modulated by several factors: the shape of the Earth’s orbit and the tilt (obliquity) of the Earth’s axis, the reflectivity or albedo of the surface of the Earth, the presence or absence of polar ice caps, and the amount of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
The FOAM simulation program has variables that represent these temperature-modifying factors. Though these variables were adjusted to represent prevailing conditions for each simulation, it is remarkable how little effect these adjustments made. Table 1 lists the global mean annual temperature (MAT) for 12 times intervals back to the early Ordovician. The global mean temperature during the last glacial maximum (12 C˚; 21,000 years ago), and the global mean temperature for the modern world (about 14 C˚) have also been included.
Though mean global temperature does vary from time to time, there is little difference between the MAT of the modern world and the MAT of the warmest time (Early Cretaceous, 18.4 C˚; 4.4 degrees difference), or the MAT of the modern world and the MAT of the coolest time (Early Ordovician, 10.6 C˚; 3.4 degrees difference). Most of the simulated mean annual temperaturres are within 2.5 degrees of the modern value. Why is this?
The most likely reason why simulated past temperatures are nearly identical to modern temperatures is that the FOAM climate simulation was written to reproduce the patterns of today’s climate. If the results of the FOAM model did not closely resemble the modern climate, then there would be little confidence in the climate simulation. Unfortunately, FOAM, as well as all other General Circulation Models, do too good a job! Even when past geographic configurations, changes in land surface cover, or radical changes the abundance of atmospheric greenhouse gases are taken into account, the results still look a lot like the present-day.
Table I. Global Mean Atmospheric Temperatures (MAT)
Geologic Age MAT (Mean Annual Temperature) C˚
Present-day 14.0 C˚
21,000 years ago 12.0 C˚
30 Ma Oligocene 12.8 C˚
45 Ma mid Eocene 13.9 C˚
70 Ma Late Cretaceous 16.2 C˚
90 Ma Mid Cretaceous 17.3 C˚
120 Ma Early Cretaceous 18.4 C˚
140 Ma earliest Cretaceous 13.6 C˚
160 Ma Late Jurassic 14.2 C˚
250 Ma Permo Triassic 11.5 C˚
430 Ma Early Silurian 16.7 C˚
480 Ma Early Ordovician 10.6 C˚
The maps are from volumes 1-6 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014a,b,c,d). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Temperatures:
Map 5 Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 9 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma)
Map 12 early Middle Eocene (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 21 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma)
Map 82 Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Map 90 Late Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., and Moore, T.L., 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Temperatures (Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2007. The GANDOLPH Project: Year One Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year One: Cenomanian/Turonian (93.5 Ma), Kimmeridgian/Tithonian (151 Ma), Sakmarian/Artinskian (284 Ma), Frasnian/Famennian (375 Ma), February, 2007. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 142 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2008. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Two Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Two: Miocene (10Ma), Aptian/Albian (120 Ma), Berriasian/Barremian (140 Ma), Late Triassic (220 Ma), and Early Silurian (430 Ma), July, 2008. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2009. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Three Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Three: Eocene (45Ma), Early/Middle Jurassic (180 Ma), Mississippian (340 Ma), Neoproterozoic (600 Ma), August 2009. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 154 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2011. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Four Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Four: Oligocene (30 Ma), Cretaceous/Tertiary (70 Ma), Permian/Triassic (250 Ma), Silurian/Devonian (400 Ma), Cambrian/Ordovician (480 Ma), April, 2011. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 219 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
2014.22 This Atlas of Phanerozoic Ocean Currents and Salinity shows the patterns of surface ocean currents and salinity for 22 time periods from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5... more
2014.22 This Atlas of Phanerozoic Ocean Currents and Salinity shows the patterns of surface ocean currents and salinity for 22 time periods from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma), plus one additional map for the Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma). Regions of high salinity are shown in red. Regions of low salinity and brackish conditions are shown in blue. Blue arrows indicate the direction of surface ocean currents during the winter months (December – January – February).
These plate tectonic and paleogeographic maps are the work of C. R. Scotese. The paleoclimate simulations were done by T.L. Moore using the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) Climate Simulation Program. The differences in color and symbology are due to the fact that the maps were originally published in four separate reports (Scotese et al., 2007; 2008; 2009; & 2011).
There are some patterns of salinity and ocean currents are illustrated by the maps. Areas of hypersalinity occur in both the north and south subtropical belts (15 – 35 degrees latitude). Hyposaline ocean waters, by contrast, tend to be located along the Equator and at temperate and polar latitudes. Salinity is also reduced along the many continental coastlines where freshwater from rivers enters the oceans. The broad shallow, epieric seas of the Paleozoic appear to have been susceptible to salinity extremes depending on the latitude of the continent and the proximity to runoff from adjacent land areas.
The pattern of surface ocean currents in the open ocean is largely zonal, following the prevailing winds. The currents move from east to west near the Equator, whereas at temperate latitudes the currents generally move eastwards. As in the modern world, these zonal surface currents are deflected N or S, depending on latitude, where they run into the continents. In the open ocean between these two zonal patterns of flow, large gyres are often present. These gyres rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the southern hemisphere. It is interesting to note that in a few cases (Maps 35 & 63), the surface currents in large inland seas move in a unidirectional pattern. This is due to the fact that upwelling across long one shore of the inland sea and the currents move across the shallow and dive back down into the ocean in an “down-welling” zone adjacent to the opposite shore.
A complimentary set of surface ocean currents for the summer months (July-August-September) are plotted in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Oceanic Anoxia. Though similar to the results shown here, there are maps that show opposite flow directions due to monsoonal changes in wind directions.
The maps are from volumes 1-6 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014a,b,c,d). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Ocean Currents and Salinity:
Map 5 Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 9 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma)
Map 12 early Middle Eocene (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 21 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma)
Map 82 Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Map 90 Late Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., and Moore, T.L., 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Ocean Currents and Salinity (Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2007. The GANDOLPH Project: Year One Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year One: Cenomanian/Turonian (93.5 Ma), Kimmeridgian/Tithonian (151 Ma), Sakmarian/Artinskian (284 Ma), Frasnian/Famennian (375 Ma), February, 2007. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 142 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2008. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Two Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Two: Miocene (10Ma), Aptian/Albian (120 Ma), Berriasian/Barremian (140 Ma), Late Triassic (220 Ma), and Early Silurian (430 Ma), July, 2008. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2009. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Three Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Three: Eocene (45Ma), Early/Middle Jurassic (180 Ma), Mississippian (340 Ma), Neoproterozoic (600 Ma), August 2009. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 154 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2011. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Four Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Four: Oligocene (30 Ma), Cretaceous/Tertiary (70 Ma), Permian/Triassic (250 Ma), Silurian/Devonian (400 Ma), Cambrian/Ordovician (480 Ma), April, 2011. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 219 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
These plate tectonic and paleogeographic maps are the work of C. R. Scotese. The paleoclimate simulations were done by T.L. Moore using the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) Climate Simulation Program. The differences in color and symbology are due to the fact that the maps were originally published in four separate reports (Scotese et al., 2007; 2008; 2009; & 2011).
There are some patterns of salinity and ocean currents are illustrated by the maps. Areas of hypersalinity occur in both the north and south subtropical belts (15 – 35 degrees latitude). Hyposaline ocean waters, by contrast, tend to be located along the Equator and at temperate and polar latitudes. Salinity is also reduced along the many continental coastlines where freshwater from rivers enters the oceans. The broad shallow, epieric seas of the Paleozoic appear to have been susceptible to salinity extremes depending on the latitude of the continent and the proximity to runoff from adjacent land areas.
The pattern of surface ocean currents in the open ocean is largely zonal, following the prevailing winds. The currents move from east to west near the Equator, whereas at temperate latitudes the currents generally move eastwards. As in the modern world, these zonal surface currents are deflected N or S, depending on latitude, where they run into the continents. In the open ocean between these two zonal patterns of flow, large gyres are often present. These gyres rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the southern hemisphere. It is interesting to note that in a few cases (Maps 35 & 63), the surface currents in large inland seas move in a unidirectional pattern. This is due to the fact that upwelling across long one shore of the inland sea and the currents move across the shallow and dive back down into the ocean in an “down-welling” zone adjacent to the opposite shore.
A complimentary set of surface ocean currents for the summer months (July-August-September) are plotted in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Oceanic Anoxia. Though similar to the results shown here, there are maps that show opposite flow directions due to monsoonal changes in wind directions.
The maps are from volumes 1-6 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014a,b,c,d). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Ocean Currents and Salinity:
Map 5 Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 9 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma)
Map 12 early Middle Eocene (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 21 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma)
Map 82 Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Map 90 Late Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., and Moore, T.L., 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Ocean Currents and Salinity (Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2007. The GANDOLPH Project: Year One Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year One: Cenomanian/Turonian (93.5 Ma), Kimmeridgian/Tithonian (151 Ma), Sakmarian/Artinskian (284 Ma), Frasnian/Famennian (375 Ma), February, 2007. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 142 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2008. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Two Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Two: Miocene (10Ma), Aptian/Albian (120 Ma), Berriasian/Barremian (140 Ma), Late Triassic (220 Ma), and Early Silurian (430 Ma), July, 2008. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2009. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Three Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Three: Eocene (45Ma), Early/Middle Jurassic (180 Ma), Mississippian (340 Ma), Neoproterozoic (600 Ma), August 2009. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 154 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2011. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Four Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Four: Oligocene (30 Ma), Cretaceous/Tertiary (70 Ma), Permian/Triassic (250 Ma), Silurian/Devonian (400 Ma), Cambrian/Ordovician (480 Ma), April, 2011. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 219 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
2014.24 This Atlas of Phanerozoic Upwelling Zones shows the pattern of marine upwelling for 22 time periods from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma), plus one additional map for... more
2014.24 This Atlas of Phanerozoic Upwelling Zones shows the pattern of marine upwelling for 22 time periods from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma), plus one additional map for the Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma). The light blue shading represents areas of upwelling. The blue circles indicate the strength and persistence of the upwelling systems.
These plate tectonic and paleogeographic maps are the work of C. R. Scotese. The paleoclimate simulations were done by T.L. Moore using the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) Climate Simulation Program. The slight color differences between the symbolson the maps are due to the fact that the maps were made for four separate reports (Scotese et al., 2007; 2008; 2009; & 2011).
There are some notable patterns of upwelling illustrated by the maps. A strong upwelling system is always present along the Equator and along the west coasts of continents in the southern hemisphere and to a lesser extent along the east coasts of continents in the northern hemisphere. In addition, moderate zonal upwelling systems are present in temperate latitudes at 45 – 60 degrees (N&S). Broad regions of oceanic ‘downwelling’, are found in the northern and southern subtropics (23 – 40 degrees, N&S) and in the polar regions. The polar downwelling zones generate cold bottom-water that chills the oceans during times when the Earth has polar icecaps.
The location of ancient upwelling systems is also a good predictor of world-class source rock deposits. This is especially true for times when continents, covered by shallow seas, cross the Equator. Extremely rich source rock deposits occur along the eastern edge of the Arabian platform because this area was located beneath the Western Tethys Equatorial Upwelling System for nearly 100 million years (mid-Triassic to mid-Cretaceous). Rich source rock deposits were similarly deposited in Venezuela and Colombia when the vigorous westward moving Equatorial Current crossed the northernmost part of South America (Cretaceous, Maps 27-17).
The maps are from volumes 1-6 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014a,b,c,d). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Upwelling Zones:
Map 5 Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 9 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma)
Map 12 early Middle Eocene (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 21 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma)
Map 82 Tremadoc (480 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Map 90 Late Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., and Moore, T.L., 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Upwelling Zones (Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2007. The GANDOLPH Project: Year One Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year One: Cenomanian/Turonian (93.5 Ma), Kimmeridgian/Tithonian (151 Ma), Sakmarian/Artinskian (284 Ma), Frasnian/Famennian (375 Ma), February, 2007. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 142 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2008. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Two Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Two: Miocene (10Ma), Aptian/Albian (120 Ma), Berriasian/Barremian (140 Ma), Late Triassic (220 Ma), and Early Silurian (430 Ma), July, 2008. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2009. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Three Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Three: Eocene (45Ma), Early/Middle Jurassic (180 Ma), Mississippian (340 Ma), Neoproterozoic (600 Ma), August 2009. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 154 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2011. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Four Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Four: Oligocene (30 Ma), Cretaceous/Tertiary (70 Ma), Permian/Triassic (250 Ma), Silurian/Devonian (400 Ma), Cambrian/Ordovician (480 Ma), April, 2011. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 219 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
These plate tectonic and paleogeographic maps are the work of C. R. Scotese. The paleoclimate simulations were done by T.L. Moore using the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) Climate Simulation Program. The slight color differences between the symbolson the maps are due to the fact that the maps were made for four separate reports (Scotese et al., 2007; 2008; 2009; & 2011).
There are some notable patterns of upwelling illustrated by the maps. A strong upwelling system is always present along the Equator and along the west coasts of continents in the southern hemisphere and to a lesser extent along the east coasts of continents in the northern hemisphere. In addition, moderate zonal upwelling systems are present in temperate latitudes at 45 – 60 degrees (N&S). Broad regions of oceanic ‘downwelling’, are found in the northern and southern subtropics (23 – 40 degrees, N&S) and in the polar regions. The polar downwelling zones generate cold bottom-water that chills the oceans during times when the Earth has polar icecaps.
The location of ancient upwelling systems is also a good predictor of world-class source rock deposits. This is especially true for times when continents, covered by shallow seas, cross the Equator. Extremely rich source rock deposits occur along the eastern edge of the Arabian platform because this area was located beneath the Western Tethys Equatorial Upwelling System for nearly 100 million years (mid-Triassic to mid-Cretaceous). Rich source rock deposits were similarly deposited in Venezuela and Colombia when the vigorous westward moving Equatorial Current crossed the northernmost part of South America (Cretaceous, Maps 27-17).
The maps are from volumes 1-6 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014a,b,c,d). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Upwelling Zones:
Map 5 Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 9 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma)
Map 12 early Middle Eocene (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 21 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma)
Map 82 Tremadoc (480 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Map 90 Late Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., and Moore, T.L., 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Upwelling Zones (Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2007. The GANDOLPH Project: Year One Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year One: Cenomanian/Turonian (93.5 Ma), Kimmeridgian/Tithonian (151 Ma), Sakmarian/Artinskian (284 Ma), Frasnian/Famennian (375 Ma), February, 2007. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 142 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2008. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Two Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Two: Miocene (10Ma), Aptian/Albian (120 Ma), Berriasian/Barremian (140 Ma), Late Triassic (220 Ma), and Early Silurian (430 Ma), July, 2008. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2009. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Three Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Three: Eocene (45Ma), Early/Middle Jurassic (180 Ma), Mississippian (340 Ma), Neoproterozoic (600 Ma), August 2009. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 154 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2011. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Four Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Four: Oligocene (30 Ma), Cretaceous/Tertiary (70 Ma), Permian/Triassic (250 Ma), Silurian/Devonian (400 Ma), Cambrian/Ordovician (480 Ma), April, 2011. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 219 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Research Interests:
2014.23 This Atlas of Phanerozoic Oceanic Anoxia shows the patterns of oceanic anoxia for 22 time periods from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma), plus one additional map for... more
2014.23 This Atlas of Phanerozoic Oceanic Anoxia shows the patterns of oceanic anoxia for 22 time periods from the base of the Cambrian (542 Ma) to the Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma), plus one additional map for the Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma). Regions where anoxic conditions may have existed are shown in red. Regions where well-oxygenated waters occurred are shown in blue. Various shades of green, yellow and orange indicate somewhat dysoxic conditions. Red arrows indicate the direction of surface ocean currents during the summer months (June-July-August).
These plate tectonic and paleogeographic maps are the work of C. R. Scotese. The paleoclimate simulations were done by T.L. Moore using the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) Climate Simulation Program. The differences in color and symbology from map to map are due to the fact that these figures were originally published in four separate reports (Scotese et al., 2007; 2008; 2009; & 2011).
These estimates of anoxic oceanic conditions have been made by calculating the degree of “restriction” in each sedimentary basin. Restriction is a quantitative estimate of the degree of connection between any marine region and the open ocean. Restriction values ranged from 0 (not restricted) to 100 (very restricted). For example a marine region that is completely surrounded ocean would be classified as “nonrestricted” and would have a restriction value near zero. On the other hand, a marine embayment that is surrounded mostly by land grid cells would be considered very restricted and would have a high restriction value (>80).
The restriction value was determined by calculating the average distance of each marine grid cell to the nearest land grid cell. Distance measurements were made in 8 compass directions (N,NE,E,SE,S,SW,W,and NW). When the average distance to from each marine grid cell to the nearest land cells was small, it indicated that the marine cell was surrounded by land cells, and hence was “restricted” and likely to be prone to anoxic conditions. Conversely, if the average distance between a marine grid cell and the surrounding land grid cells was very large then it could be inferred that the grid cell was in the “open ocean”, and hence not prone to anoxic conditions. In our approach we use “restriction” as a proxy for oceanic anoxia.
It should be clear from the above description that this simple method of estimating oceanic anoxia does not take into account any geochemical measurements of anoxia, or bring into play any aspects of ocean dynamics (e.g. upwelling, surface currents or salinity). This approach is purely geographical, and consequently, has a few drawbacks. Firstly, high values of anoxia along ocean-facing coastlines are suspect. Also all of the estimates of oceanic anoxia have been made only for surface waters. In other words, the restriction calculation indicates how well connected the surface waters are to the open ocean but doesn’t say anything about the connectedness of the deeper portions of the basin. An exception is the map of oceanic anoxia for the Permo-Triassic Boundary (Map 49, 251 Ma). In this case, the degree of restriction was calculated for a water depth of 1000m. This was done in order to highlight the degree to which the Paleotethys ocean basin was restricted from the Panthalassic ocean basin. The restriction of deep waters in the Paleotethys may have contributed to the global anoxic oceanic conditions that are thought to have played an important role in the great Permo-Triassic extinction.
A third artifact is sometimes apparent in the maps. Because the restriction calculation were made in only the cardinal compass directions, diagonal streaks are sometimes apparent (e.g. Maps 39 and 45).
Despite the simple method employed to estimate oceanic anoxia, some obvious patterns emerge from these maps. Ocean basins are most likely to become restricted, and hence anoxic, at two times during their tectonic history: 1) shortly after their initial opening when they are narrow (Maps 21, 27, 31, and 35), and then again 2) when the ocean basin closes, prior to continent-continent collision (Maps 9, 17, 45, 65 and 75). It therefore comes as no surprise that times of widespread oceanic anoxia, such as the mid-Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events (OAEs), are often coincident with times during which numerous, narrow, poorly connected ocean basins are beginning to open or close.
A complimentary set of surface ocean currents for the winter months (December-January-February) are plotted in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Salinity and Ocean Currents. Though similar to the results shown here, there are maps that show opposite flow directions due to monsoonal changes in wind directions.
The maps are from volumes 1-6 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014a,b,c,d). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Oceanic Anoxia:
Map 5 Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 9 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma)
Map 12 early Middle Eocene (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 21 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma)
Map 82 Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Map 90 Late Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., and Moore, T.L., 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Oceanic Anoxia (Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2007. The GANDOLPH Project: Year One Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year One: Cenomanian/Turonian (93.5 Ma), Kimmeridgian/Tithonian (151 Ma), Sakmarian/Artinskian (284 Ma), Frasnian/Famennian (375 Ma), February, 2007. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 142 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2008. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Two Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Two: Miocene (10Ma), Aptian/Albian (120 Ma), Berriasian/Barremian (140 Ma), Late Triassic (220 Ma), and Early Silurian (430 Ma), July, 2008. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2009. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Three Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Three: Eocene (45Ma), Early/Middle Jurassic (180 Ma), Mississippian (340 Ma), Neoproterozoic (600 Ma), August 2009. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 154 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2011. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Four Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Four: Oligocene (30 Ma), Cretaceous/Tertiary (70 Ma), Permian/Triassic (250 Ma), Silurian/Devonian (400 Ma), Cambrian/Ordovician (480 Ma), April, 2011. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 219 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
These plate tectonic and paleogeographic maps are the work of C. R. Scotese. The paleoclimate simulations were done by T.L. Moore using the FOAM (Fast Ocean and Atmosphere) Climate Simulation Program. The differences in color and symbology from map to map are due to the fact that these figures were originally published in four separate reports (Scotese et al., 2007; 2008; 2009; & 2011).
These estimates of anoxic oceanic conditions have been made by calculating the degree of “restriction” in each sedimentary basin. Restriction is a quantitative estimate of the degree of connection between any marine region and the open ocean. Restriction values ranged from 0 (not restricted) to 100 (very restricted). For example a marine region that is completely surrounded ocean would be classified as “nonrestricted” and would have a restriction value near zero. On the other hand, a marine embayment that is surrounded mostly by land grid cells would be considered very restricted and would have a high restriction value (>80).
The restriction value was determined by calculating the average distance of each marine grid cell to the nearest land grid cell. Distance measurements were made in 8 compass directions (N,NE,E,SE,S,SW,W,and NW). When the average distance to from each marine grid cell to the nearest land cells was small, it indicated that the marine cell was surrounded by land cells, and hence was “restricted” and likely to be prone to anoxic conditions. Conversely, if the average distance between a marine grid cell and the surrounding land grid cells was very large then it could be inferred that the grid cell was in the “open ocean”, and hence not prone to anoxic conditions. In our approach we use “restriction” as a proxy for oceanic anoxia.
It should be clear from the above description that this simple method of estimating oceanic anoxia does not take into account any geochemical measurements of anoxia, or bring into play any aspects of ocean dynamics (e.g. upwelling, surface currents or salinity). This approach is purely geographical, and consequently, has a few drawbacks. Firstly, high values of anoxia along ocean-facing coastlines are suspect. Also all of the estimates of oceanic anoxia have been made only for surface waters. In other words, the restriction calculation indicates how well connected the surface waters are to the open ocean but doesn’t say anything about the connectedness of the deeper portions of the basin. An exception is the map of oceanic anoxia for the Permo-Triassic Boundary (Map 49, 251 Ma). In this case, the degree of restriction was calculated for a water depth of 1000m. This was done in order to highlight the degree to which the Paleotethys ocean basin was restricted from the Panthalassic ocean basin. The restriction of deep waters in the Paleotethys may have contributed to the global anoxic oceanic conditions that are thought to have played an important role in the great Permo-Triassic extinction.
A third artifact is sometimes apparent in the maps. Because the restriction calculation were made in only the cardinal compass directions, diagonal streaks are sometimes apparent (e.g. Maps 39 and 45).
Despite the simple method employed to estimate oceanic anoxia, some obvious patterns emerge from these maps. Ocean basins are most likely to become restricted, and hence anoxic, at two times during their tectonic history: 1) shortly after their initial opening when they are narrow (Maps 21, 27, 31, and 35), and then again 2) when the ocean basin closes, prior to continent-continent collision (Maps 9, 17, 45, 65 and 75). It therefore comes as no surprise that times of widespread oceanic anoxia, such as the mid-Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events (OAEs), are often coincident with times during which numerous, narrow, poorly connected ocean basins are beginning to open or close.
A complimentary set of surface ocean currents for the winter months (December-January-February) are plotted in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Salinity and Ocean Currents. Though similar to the results shown here, there are maps that show opposite flow directions due to monsoonal changes in wind directions.
The maps are from volumes 1-6 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014a,b,c,d). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Phanerozoic Oceanic Anoxia:
Map 5 Middle/Late Miocene (Serravallian & Tortonian, 10.5 Ma)
Map 7 Early Miocene (Aquitainian & Burdigalian, 19.5 Ma)
Map 9 Early Oligocene (Rupelian, 31.1 Ma)
Map 12 early Middle Eocene (middle Lutetian, 44.6 Ma)
Map 17 Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma)
Map 21 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 23 Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 27 Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 31 Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma)
Map 35 Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4 Ma)
Map 39 Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma)
Map 45 Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma)
Map 49 Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma)
Map 54 Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma)
Map 57 Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 301.2 Ma)
Map 63 Middle Mississippian (early Visean, 341.1 Ma)
Map 65 Late Devonian (latest Famennian, 359.2 Ma)
Map 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 394.3 Ma)
Map 75 Early Silurian (late Llandovery, 432.1 Ma)
Map 82 Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma)
Map 88 Cambrian – Precambrian Boundary (542 Ma)
Map 90 Late Neoproterozoic (Middle Ediacaran, 600 Ma)
This work should be cited as
Scotese, C.R., and Moore, T.L., 2014. Atlas of Phanerozoic Oceanic Anoxia (Mollweide Projection), Volumes 1-6, PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
References Cited:
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2007. The GANDOLPH Project: Year One Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year One: Cenomanian/Turonian (93.5 Ma), Kimmeridgian/Tithonian (151 Ma), Sakmarian/Artinskian (284 Ma), Frasnian/Famennian (375 Ma), February, 2007. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 142 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2008. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Two Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A Report on the Methods Employed, the Results of the Paleoclimate Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Two: Miocene (10Ma), Aptian/Albian (120 Ma), Berriasian/Barremian (140 Ma), Late Triassic (220 Ma), and Early Silurian (430 Ma), July, 2008. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 177 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2009. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Three Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Three: Eocene (45Ma), Early/Middle Jurassic (180 Ma), Mississippian (340 Ma), Neoproterozoic (600 Ma), August 2009. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 154 pp.
Scotese, C.R., Illich, H., Zumberge, J, and Brown, S., and Moore, T., 2011. The GANDOLPH Project: Year Four Report: Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Controls on Hydrocarbon Source Rock Deposition, A report on the Results of the Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic Simulations (FOAM), and Oils/Source Rock Compilation, Conclusions at the End of Year Four: Oligocene (30 Ma), Cretaceous/Tertiary (70 Ma), Permian/Triassic (250 Ma), Silurian/Devonian (400 Ma), Cambrian/Ordovician (480 Ma), April, 2011. GeoMark Research Ltd, Houston, Texas, 219 pp.
Scotese, C.R., 2014a, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 1, Cenozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 1-15, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014b, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 2, Cretaceous Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 16-32, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014c, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 3, Triassic and Jurassic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 33-48, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014d, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 4, Late Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Map 49-74, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014e, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 5, Early Paleozoic Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 75-88, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Scotese, C.R., 2014f, The PALEOMAP Project PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, version 2, Volume 6, Precambrian Plate Tectonic, Paleogeographic, and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions, Maps 89-103, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.